I've been interested by computer modelling approaches to evolution for some time now, and I've come across a few papers on the subject that might offer something to a discussion of emergence.
A sizeable part of evolutionary theory cannot practically be submitted to direct test. Evolution can only be observed in rare cases--among
bacteria in petri dishes or
finches on the Galapagos islands.
This is where computer modelling comes in. It has been applied
extensively to ideas about the evolution of
cooperation in social species. Studies of this sort typically examine simulated interactions among members of a population, pitting them against each other in games like the
prisoner's dilemma. Members of the population follow different strategies with different levels of cooperation. After some predetermined number of rounds of the game are played, a new "generation" is born, with its proportions of cooperators and defectors determined by the relative success of each strategy during the previous generation. This process is iterated over hundreds or thousands of generations. The entire simulation can be run with parameters--say, the payoffs and punishments of the game, or the initial proportions of each strategy--altered. Some configurations give rise to fixation of one strategy, others to a stable polymorphism, others to steady oscillations in strategy frequency, etc.