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 William James, "Dimensions of radical Empiricism, Conclusions" 

"The scientist, so-called, is, during his scientific hours at least, so materialistic that one may well say that on the whole the influence of science goes against the notion that religion should be recognized at all." 762

I felt that I had to write on this quote, though a bit random. It does not speak to me, and does not seem representative of the entire piece, but it coincides so perfectly with something I read today. I received an e-mail (I know not the most reliable source) that was almost in complete opposition to this statement, and it made me start to think. The e-mail, supposably a conversations Albert Einstein had in one of his college philosophy classes, makes the statement, in opposition to his professor's point, that science is based on theories, most of which, "according to the established rules of the emprirical, stable, demonstrable protocol," cannot exist. So, Einstein states, science, like the belief in God is based on faith. Faith that, though we cannot prove through our senses that there is evolution, all we know shows that there is evolution. 

Though this is a bit different from what James is saying, it seems to connect. If science is based on faith, as religion is, then science can in no way prove that there is no religion, and so science must recognize it. Now as this is a theory not of my own, I cannot explain how this conclusion is got at, but I will include the argument found in the e-mail at the end of my post. But, the fact that science is based on faith and belief and so cannot only disprove religion, but in a sense proves it by being unable to disprove it, seems like something that did not occur to James. It does however bring us back to James' "The Will to Believe," in which James says "I have brought with me to-night something like a sermon on justification by faith ... a defence of our right to adopt a believing attitude in religious matters..." And so I find James coming to the same conclusion that Einstein comes to. "Objective evidence and certitude are doubtless very fine ideals to play with, but where on this moonlit and dream-visited planet are they found?"  Although I must say, I am not sure what this means or proves, or really what my conclusion to this post is. Except that, though both men were scientists, they both found religion to be a 'truth,' something based on faith and belief which cannot be proved, but is proved to do good in our lives and the lives of those who believe. 

Now that I am not sure I have said anything original, here is the copy of the e-mail which spurred this line of thought. 

'Let me explain the problem science has with religion.'  The atheist professor of philosophy pauses before his class and then asks one of his new students to stand.     'You're a Christian, aren't you, son?'  'Yes sir,' the student says.  'So you believe in God?'     'Absolutely.. '  'Is God good?'  'Sure! God's good.'     'Is God all-powerful? Can God do anything?'     'Yes'  'Are you good or evil?'     'The Bible says I'm evil.'  The professor grins knowingly. 'Aha! The Bible! He considers for a moment. 'Here's one for you. Let's say there's a sick person over here and you can cure him. You can do it. Would you help him? Would you try?'  'Yes sir, I would.'     'So you're good...!'  'I wouldn't say that.'  'But why not say that? You'd help a sick and maimed person if you could. Most of us would if we could. But God doesn't.'     The student does not answer, so the professor continues.  'He doesn't, does he? My brother was a Christian who died of cancer, even though he prayed to Jesus to heal him. How is this Jesus good? Can you answer that one?'  The student remains silent.     'No, you can't, can you?' the professor says. He takes a sip of water from a glass on his desk to give the student time to relax. 'Let's start again, young fella. Is God good?'  'Er..yes,' the student says.     'Is Satan good?'  The student doesn't hesitate on this one. 'No.'  'Then where does Satan come from?'     The student falters. 'From God'  'That's right. God made Satan, didn't he? Tell me, son. Is there evil in this world?'  'Yes, sir.'     'Evil's everywhere, isn't it? And God did make everything, correct?'  'Yes'  'So who created evil?' The professor continued, 'If God created everything, then God created evil, since evil exists, and according to the principle that our works define who we are, then God is evil.'  Again, the student has no answer.     'Is there sickness? Immorality? Hatred? Ugliness? All these terrible things, do they exist in this world?'  The student squirms on his feet.     'Yes.'  'So who created them?'     The student does not answer again, so the professor repeats his question. 'Who created them?' There is still no answer. Suddenly the lecturer breaks away to pace in front of the classroom. The class is mesmerized. 'Tell me,' he continues onto another student. 'Do you believe in Jesus Christ, son?'     The student's voice betrays him and cracks.     'Yes, professor, I do.'  The old man stops pacing. 'Science says you have five senses you use to identify and observe the world around you. Have you ever seen Jesus?'     'No sir.. I've never seen Him.'  'Then tell us if you've ever heard your Jesus?'     'No, sir, I have not.'  'Have you ever felt your Jesus, tasted your Jesus or smelt your Jesus? Have you ever had any sensory perception of Jesus Christ, or God for that matter?'  'No, sir, I'm afraid I haven't.'  'Yet you still believe in him?'  'Yes'  'According to the rules of empirical, testable, demonstrable protocol, science says your God doesn't exist. What do you say to that, son?'  'Nothing,' the student replies. 'I only have my faith.'  'Yes, faith,' the professor repeats. 'And that is the problem science has with God. There is no evidence, only faith.'  The student stands quietly for a moment, before asking a question of His own.     'Professor, is there such thing as heat?'  ' Yes.  'And is there such a thing as cold?'     'Yes, son, there's cold too.'     'No sir, there isn't.'     The professor turns to face the student, obviously interested.  The room suddenly becomes very quiet.     The student begins to explain.     'You can have lots of heat, even more heat, super-heat, mega-heat, unlimited heat, white heat, a little heat or no heat, but we don't have anything called 'cold'. We can hit down to 458 degrees below zero, which is no heat, but we can't go any further after that. There is no such thing as cold; otherwise we would be able to go colder than the lowest -458 degrees. Every body or object is susceptible to study when it has or transmits energy, and heat is what makes a body or matter have or transmit energy. Absolute zero (-458 F) is the total absence of heat.     You see, sir, cold is only a word we use to describe the absence of heat.  We cannot measure cold. Heat we can measure in thermal units because heat is energy. Cold is not the opposite of heat, sir, just the absence of it.'  Silence across the room. A pen drops somewhere in the classroom, sounding like a hammer.  'What about darkness, professor. Is there such a thing as darkness?'     'Yes,' the professor replies without hesitation. 'What is night if it isn't darkness?'     'You're wrong again, sir. Darkness is not something; it is the absence of something. You can have low light, normal light, bright light, flashing light, but if you have no light constantly you have nothing and it's called darkness, isn't it? That's the meaning we use to define the word. In reality, darkness isn't. If it were, you would be able to make darkness darker, wouldn't you?'     The professor begins to smile at the student in front of him. This will be a good semester.     'So what point are you making, young man?'  'Yes, professor. My point is, your philosophical premise is flawed to start with, and so your conclusion must also be flawed.'     The professor's face cannot hide his surprise this time. 'Flawed?     Can you explain how?'  'You are working on the premise of duality,' the student explains.. 'You argue that there is life and then there's death; a good God and a bad God. You are viewing the concept of God as something finite, something we can measure. Sir, science can't even explain a thought.' 'It uses electricity and magnetism, but has never seen, much less fully understood either one. To view death as the opposite of life is to be ignorant of the fact that death cannot exist as a substantive thing. Death is not the opposite of life, just the absence of it.' 'Now tell me, professor. Do you teach your students that they evolved from a monkey?'  'If you are referring to the natural evolutionary process, young man, yes, of course I do.'  'Have you ever observed evolution with your own eyes, sir?'  The professor begins to shake his head, still smiling, as he realizes where the argument is going. A very good semester, indeed.  'Since no one has ever observed the process of evolution at work and cannot even prove that this process is an on-going endeavor, are you not teaching your opinion, sir? Are you now not a scientist, but a preacher?'  The class is in uproar. The student remains silent until the commotion has subsided.     'To continue the point you were making earlier to the other student, let me give you an example of what I mean.' The student looks around the room. 'Is there anyone in the class who has ever seen the professor's brain?' The class breaks out into laughter. 'Is there anyone here who has ever heard the professor's brain, felt the professor's brain, touched or smelt the professor's brain? No one appears to have done so. So, according to the established rules of empirical, stable, demonstrable protocol, science says that you have no brain, with all due respect, sir.' 'So if science says you have no brain, how can we trust your lectures, sir?'     Now the room is silent. The professor just stares at the student, his face unreadable. Finally, after what seems an eternity, the old man answers. 'I Guess you'll have to take them on faith.'  'Now, you accept that there is faith, and, in fact, faith exists with life,' the student continues. 'Now, sir, is there such a thing as evil?'     Now uncertain, the professor responds, 'Of course, there is. We see it Everyday. It is in the daily example of man's inhumanity to man.. It is in The multitude of crime and violence everywhere in the world. These manifestations are nothing else but evil.'     To this the student replied, 'Evil does not exist sir, or at least it does not exist unto itself. Evil is simply the absence of God. It is just like darkness and cold, a word that man has created to describe the absence of God. God did not create evil. Evil is the result of what happens when man does not have God's love present in his heart. It's like the cold that comes when there is no heat or the darkness that comes when there is no light.'     The professor sat down.