Climate

The agency head said a $20 billion Biden climate program was marred by fraud and abuse. Documents filed for a court hearing this week don’t support that.

Scientists say they are ingesting more microplastics in Mediterranean as the plankton they feed on struggle to survive in warming waters

As the Latin name suggests, Sardina pilchardus can be called a sardine or a pilchard when it is tinned or offered on a fishmonger’s slab. One common definition is that if it is longer than 15cm it is called a pilchard and if smaller, a sardine.

However, when pilchards fell out of favour with consumers, 15cm pilchards were rebranded as Cornish sardines and sales picked up again. To add to the confusion, other small silver fish are often passed off as sardines.

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We are raiding the Guardian Long Read archives to bring you some classic pieces from years past, with new introductions from the authors.

This week, from 2022: In northern Norway, trees are rapidly taking over the tundra and threatening an ancient way of life that depends on snow and ice

By Ben Rawlence. Read by Christien Anholt

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Given the Trump administration’s recent moves relating to climate, the former vice president is looking to the developing world for the next generation of climate activism.

The president wants to weaken limits on tailpipe pollution. Scientists say it’s driving climate change and taking human lives “every day.”

Bit by bit, President Trump has been chopping away at the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) downsizing it through cuts to the agency’s staff, programs and mission. Reports last week revealed a daunting threat from Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Secretary Noem, who announced in a cabinet meeting: “We’re going to eliminate FEMA.”

Neither Secretary Noem nor President Trump has the legal authority to abolish FEMA—that power lies with Congress. Furthermore, dismantling or eliminating FEMA will endanger millions of people who rely on the agency to help prepare for and recover from disasters.

In fact, legislators from both parties signaled the need for FEMA by introducing legislation to transform it into a stand-alone, cabinet level agency as it once was before the Department of Homeland Security was formed. Republican Representative Byron Donalds and Democrat Representative Jared Moskowitz, both of Florida, introduced the bill on March 24, 2025.

Days before the DHS Secretary’s statement, on March 19, the president signed an executive order (EO) titled “Achieving Efficiency Through State and Local Preparedness.” This action follows his earlier EO in January establishing a FEMA review council. While sparse on details, this new order prompts a major change in federal policy.

While details are scarce in the EO, there are two clear themes that emerge: shifting the burden of disaster response from the federal government to state and local government—even for major disasters that overwhelm states’ capacities—and using frames like “streamlining” and “efficiency” which this administration is already disingenuously using to decimate agency staffing and budgets to the point that they cannot fulfill their missions. Both of these will create significant risk and harm for communities in the path of and reeling from disasters.

Below I provide a summary of the EO including the new policy, initiatives and updates to current federal policies and the takeaways for each.

1. Shifting the national resilience and preparedness burden to state and local governments

The most significant piece of policy in the executive order seems to simply put in writing what he has been saying he wants all along: to shift more responsibility for disaster resilience, preparedness and response onto the shoulders of state, local, tribal, territorial governments.

If it comes to pass, disaster response and recovery will be more chaotic and ineffective, endangering more lives—especially the elderly, youth, those who have disabilities and others with fewer resources to prepare or evacuate. States, even larger states, don’t have the resources to handle catastrophic disasters. In those cases, governors will ask for a presidentially declared disaster.

Key takeaway: What will change for states?

Effective and well-resourced emergency preparedness and disaster response can mean the difference between life and death. Given that, the lack of details in the executive order (and fact sheet) is baffling, particularly considering the planning, time and level of funding that is needed for disaster preparedness and resilience. States will be unprepared to respond to major disasters on their own. That’s particularly dangerous during the summer months (May-October) when the risks of extreme heat, hurricanes, wildfires and floods tend to peak and collide—a time UCS calls “Danger Season.”

What level of coordinating capabilities, boots on the ground, financial resources and technical expertise can these state and local jurisdictions expect from FEMA when a major disaster is declared? This NPR article speaks to what will be at stake if FEMA is taken out of the equation:

“Without FEMA, states would need to find thousands of additional personnel to inspect damage, distribute disaster aid and plan the rebuilding of public infrastructure. Without federal funding, states would face billions of dollars in recovery costs. After Hurricane Irma in 2017, Florida relied on more than $5.5 billion dollars from the federal government.”

Of course, FEMA also helps with preparedness, as the article points out. And while there is a lot more that Congress and this administration could do to incentivize more emergency readiness by state, local, tribal and territorial governments, this administration hasn’t shown it understands the concept of reducing risk.

2. Develop a national resilience strategy

Section 3 of the executive order calls for a national resilience strategy to be developed within 90 days of the order. Specifically, it calls for the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs Michael Waltz, in coordination with the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy Kevin Hassett, to develop “a national resilience strategy that articulates the priorities, means, and ways to advance the resilience of the Nation.”

Key takeaway:  While a national resilience strategy sounds great under any other administration, I am extremely wary of what such a strategy could mean for Trump 2.0. Furthermore, this strategy already exists! In January 2025 the Biden administration released a National Resilience Strategy which was one of the many pieces of climate change resilience-related initiatives the Trump administration revoked. It’s hard to imagine a national resilience strategy that doesn’t address the climate crisis front and center.

A recent Forbes article underscores how climate change has ripple effects throughout the economy and is forcing how and where people live, shaking up real estate and insurance markets, and wreaking havoc on local governments and challenging their ability to provide basic services. And those who are hurt first and worst by climate change-related impacts are often those who live in the riskiest areas with the least resources. This is where and why decision-makers include an equity lens in any kind of disaster assistance, adaptation or resilience strategy.

My colleague Melissa Finucane explains that “without a focus on racial equity, disaster policies don’t just leave these communities behind, they in fact compound the health, environmental, and economic challenges being faced.”

It’s hard to imagine a valuable national resilience strategy being developed within a three-month timeframe. Based on what we’ve seen so far, one thing is for sure: we can expect the Trump administration’s national resilience strategy to be radically different from the Biden administration’s plan. It will also likely be in stark contrast to how climate scientists, policy and planning experts, emergency and floodplain managers understand resilience and how such strategies should be developed and informed by the latest science and public input, prioritizing the needs of communities that have the fewest resources.

3. Review and revise national critical infrastructure policies

Section 3(b) directs the President’s National Security Affairs Assistant, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) and heads of relevant agencies, to review all critical infrastructure policies within 180 days and recommend “revisions, recissions, and replacements necessary to achieve a more resilient posture; shift from an all-hazards approach to a risk-informed approach; move beyond information sharing to action; and implement the National Resilience Strategy…”

Key takeaway:  Important policies that could be revised include the National Security Memorandum 22 “NSM-22” of April 30, 2024 (Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience) which replaced Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21). What I am particularly concerned about is what this administration might do to NSM-22, which was updated after a decade to address new complex threats, and while it has not been revoked, it has been taken down from the White House website. The modernized policy builds on PPD-21 and strengthens it by: 1) encouraging the private sector to comply with minimum resilience standards; 2) adding key new developments such as transitioning energy and transportation sectors away from fossil fuels; and 3) includes emerging threats such as climate change and supply chain disruptions.

Given the fact that this president has dismantled many federal advisory councils, I hope the administration will maintain and include the National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC) in this process, as it has been very productive in producing “30 in-depth studies” with many important recommendations—including this related one that the nation must “Better prepare and respond to disruptions (like Superstorm Sandy) that can ripple across multiple infrastructure systems and paralyze services to entire regions.”

I will keep an eye out for how the administration will implement the “shift from an all-hazards approach to a risk informed approach” as the language leaves emergency manager-types scratching their heads. The NSM-22 updates the term all hazards “as all threats, all hazards” and defines this term as “a threat or an incident, natural or manmade, that warrants action to protect life, property, the environment, and public health or safety, and to minimize disruptions of Government, social, or economic activities. It includes, but is not limited to: natural disasters, cyber incidents, industrial accidents, pandemics, acts of terrorism, sabotage, supply chain disruptions to degrade critical infrastructure, and disruptive or destructive activity targeting critical infrastructure.”

A risk informed approach is one that evaluates all potential threats and hazards, identifies exposure and vulnerability. So could this be the administration’s “streamlined” and “efficiency” approach to removing any climate change-related risk such as sea level rise? Or, is instead a throwback to a time prior to the PPD-21’s “all-hazards” risk approach to one that is more focused on the risk of counterterrorism and infrastructure assets?

4. “Streamlines” the national continuity policy

Section 3(c) of the executive order calls for a review of all national continuity policies and recommendations to the president from this review within 180 days of this order. Specifically, it states that the President’s National Security Affairs Assistant, in coordination with the heads of relevant agencies, “shall review all national continuity policies and recommend to the President the revisions, recissions, and replacements necessary to modernize and streamline the approach to national continuity capabilities, reformulate the methodology and architecture necessary to achieve an enduring readiness posture, and implement the National Resilience Strategy described in subsection (a) of this section.”

Key takeaway: Continuity policies are just what they sound like, they provide a coordinated approach in the case of an emergency whether a natural hazard, or other type of disaster. Each of these different pieces of policies tie into each other and highlights that the administration could indeed be dismantling FEMA policy by policy, in this case by FEMA’s continuity policy and toolkit which helps ensure FEMA’s essential functions continue in the case of emergencies but also helps communities understand how to maintain their functionality.

I’m concerned that a so-called “streamlined” approach to continuity policies could mean some critical pieces of budgets could be cut and interagency projects and initiatives won’t be supported, all of which will make communities less resilient.

5. Review and revise preparedness and response policies

Section 3(d) of the executive order calls on the President’s National Security Affairs Assistant and other relevant agencies’ heads to review national preparedness and response policies and recommend revisions, recissions, and replacements necessary to the President to “reformulate the process and metrics for Federal responsibility, move away from an all-hazards approach,” and implement the National Resilience Strategy within 240 days of the order.

Key takeaway: Instead of building on the many years of plans and guidance on preparedness, this administration is underscoring the desire to downsize the federal responsibility and ensure this “reformulation” is reflected in the new national resilience strategy. In under eight months or sooner, the Trump administration will have developed new policies and metrics on what the federal role is in national preparedness and response and what this will look like for states and other jurisdictions.

If the administration takes a hatchet to the current policies, we’ll likely see changes in policies and guides such as the National Disaster Recovery Framework that outlines five main areas including federal support to states and local jurisdictions and emphasizes the need for resilient and sustainable recovery planning and the National Response Framework which helps communities, citizens, business, and others to build response plans. We will also have a better idea about what moving away from an “all-hazards approach” will look like —which doesn’t sound good no matter how you slice it.

6. Develop a national risk register

Section 3 (e) of the executive order calls for a national risk register to be developed within 240 days of this order. Specifically, the order charges the President’s National Security Affairs Assistant, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the heads of relevant agencies, to coordinate the development of a national risk register “that identifies, articulates, and quantifies natural and malign risks to our national infrastructure, related systems, and their users. The quantification produced by the National Risk Register shall be used to inform the Intelligence Community, private sector investments, State investments, and Federal budget priorities.”

Key takeaway: To my knowledge, a national risk register does not exist, however the NSM-22 establishes a coordinated approach to federal risk management for critical infrastructure, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) has a national risk management center and FEMA developed a National Risk Index (NRI) which, while it has its flaws, is a tool for communities to see the level of risk for 18 hazards and overlays of social vulnerability, community resilience and expected annual loss. FEMA also had a climate change risk tool as well called the Future Risk Index that FEMA under the Trump administration (of course) removed, but fortunately scientists recovered and is available for free on GitHub.

The bottom line is, if the Trump administration does not account for climate change within the new risk register, it’ll fail to do its job to quantify the risks to the nation’s infrastructure and will cause a moral hazard.

7. “Streamlines” preparedness and continuity organizational structure

Section 3(f) calls on the Secretary of Homeland Security to “streamline” the federal governments’ current national preparedness and continuity organizational structure that spreads across five major functions within one year “to ensure State and local governments and individuals have improved communications with Federal officials and a better understanding of the Federal role.” The functions include: 1) the National Essential Functions, 2) Primary Mission Essential Functions, 3) National Critical Functions, 4) Emergency Support Functions, 5) Recovery Support Functions, and 6) Community Lifelines.”

Key takeaway: Each of these functional categories plays a role in FEMA’s mission.  Similar to changes in the related policies above, a simplified and streamlined version would do a disservice to FEMA’s ability to fulfill its mission. Agency staff know what to do, so it would take time and resources away from other efforts to train the federal family in learning and implementing a new organizational structure in time for hurricane season. 

What’s next?

UCS will closely watch the outcomes of this executive order and this administration’s continued attacks on FEMA because it’s crucial that communities are protected and not sacrificed in the name of harmful and disingenuous efforts purported to advance “efficiency” and “streamline” the federal government’s response to disasters.

We’ll have to wait to have many questions answered as much of the implementation of the EO will be reviewed, written and decided behind closed doors. In the interim, the FEMA Review Council just released a request for information to the public to provide comments on improvements to, and overall experience with FEMA during disasters, which are due May 15, 2025. This is a critical opportunity for the public  to weigh in on how important FEMA is in coordinating a “whole-of-government response in the period immediately after a disaster” – as two former FEMA administrators wrote.

Genuine reforms to FEMA should be informed by science, expertise, and the experiences of disaster survivors. Instead, this administration seems hell-bent on a cruel campaign of decimating an agency that millions of people rely on to stay safe and get back on their feet after floods, fires, hurricanes and more.

Given the actions planned to continue to downsize FEMA, including reducing staff even further, streamlining the mission and staff roles and the geographic footprint of the 10 FEMA regional offices, we need bipartisan defense of the agency. This should be a clarion call for lawmakers to keep communities safe by preserving resources meant for FEMA and making science-informed and evidence-based changes to the agency.

Northern Ontario is seeing a ‘shorter window’ on only overland routes for vital deliveries to remote First Nations

At first there was no answer on the satellite phone. But on the third call, Donald Meeseetawageesic heard his sister’s voice. “We need somebody to come and tow us out,” he told her.

It was a warmer-than-normal night in early March and Meeseetawageesic, the elected band councillor for Eabametoong First Nation, was stranded in a 4x4 truck on the dark winter road leading to his community. The tyres were stuck in the deep snow and the temperature outside was below freezing. Help was about 60km (37 miles) away.

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Experts say previous economic models underestimated impact of global heating – as well as likely ‘cascading supply chain disruptions’

Economic models have systematically underestimated how global heating will affect people’s wealth, according to a new study that finds 4C warming will make the average person 40% poorer – an almost four-fold increase on some estimates.

The study by Australian scientists suggests average per person GDP across the globe will be reduced by 16% even if warming is kept to 2C above pre-industrial levels. This is a much greater reduction than previous estimates, which found the reduction would be 1.4%.

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These creatures evolved over millenia to create nature’s finest circular economy, but are now struggling to survive

There’s no preparing for a first encounter with a thriving coral reef: your attention ricochets between dramas of colour, form and movement. A blaze of fire coral, darting clown fish, crimson sponge, electric blue ray … a turtle! Your heart soars, your head spins. Nowhere else will you encounter such density and diversity of life.

Corals are the architects of all this splendour. Their immobile forms suggest plants, but they’re animals – solar-powered ones. Each is a colony of thousands, sometimes millions, of tiny coral polyps, each resembling a slimmed-down sea anemone, just millimetres tall.

Between 24 March and 2 April, we will be profiling a shortlist of 10 of the invertebrates chosen by readers and selected by our wildlife writers from more than 2,500 nominations. The voting for our 2025 invertebrate of the year will run from midday on Wednesday 2 April until midday on Friday 4 April, and the winner will be announced on Monday 7 April.

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The exhibits were dedicated to the agency’s history. Mr. Zeldin said closing the collection would save $600,000 annually.

A pipeline company’s lawsuit against the environmental group could chill free speech, experts said. First Amendment issues are likely to figure prominently in an appeal.

Head of Riverkeeper, which helped clean up Hudson River, talks about challenges during the second Trump term

Donald Trump’s push to repurpose the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) amid funding cuts and staffing losses poses a huge threat to water safety and environmental advances in one of the big environmental success stories in the US in recent decades: the clean-up of the Hudson River.

Once a byword for environmental degradation, the Hudson River is now recovering, in part due to the work of Riverkeeper, a non-profit environmental organization that established a model of legal activism for water protection and inspired more than 300 programs globally. It is also where Robert F Kennedy Jr cut his teeth as an environmental lawyer, before becoming a senior member of Trump’s rightwing cabinet.

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We asked 18 Republicans whose districts benefit most from Biden’s IRA climate law if they back Trump’s demands

Billions of dollars in clean energy spending and jobs have overwhelmingly flowed to parts of the US represented by Republican lawmakers. But these members of Congress are still largely reticent to break with Donald Trump’s demands to kill off key incentives for renewables, even as their districts bask in the rewards.

The president has called for the dismantling of the Inflation Reduction Act – a sweeping bill passed by Democrats that has helped turbocharge investments in wind, solar, nuclear, batteries and electric vehicle manufacturing in the US – calling it a “giant scam”. Trump froze funding allocated under the act and has vowed to claw back grants aimed at reducing planet-heating pollution.

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The museum hopes that after learning about the planet’s prehistoric past, people will do more to preserve Earth’s future.

Cada invierno una cresta de hielo aparecía en el lago Suwa, y eso se convirtió en una tradición importante. Durante los últimos siete años, el fenómeno no se ha producido porque el lago no se congeló.

Meanwhile, Adelaide records driest period in decades and Perth swelters through temperatures above 35C

• Outback deluge pushes Queensland towns to the brink: ‘Out here it’s drought or floods’
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Queensland cities and towns are dealing with the effects of flooding – including extensive stock losses and widespread damage – after a year’s worth of rain fell in a matter of days.

The north Queensland city of Townsville would “almost certainly” surpass its annual rainfall record this week, just three months into 2025, according to the Bureau of Meteorology’s senior meteorologist, Jonathan How.

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Class, education and gender found to influence difference in views but anxiety about finances was a common theme

Young people are more worried about their finances, work pressures and job insecurity than social media, the climate crisis and culture war debates, research shows.

The polling also challenges the simplistic characterisation of generational conflict, revealing that differences within gen Z, whether around class, education or gender, are often more pronounced than the differences between generations.

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If a tree-planting scheme in western England can match the first national forest, people as well as wildlife will benefit

The benefits for bats were presumably not at the top of the government’s list of reasons for announcing the creation of the new western forest. The chancellor, Rachel Reeves, regards rules that protect these nocturnal mammals as a nuisance. Nevertheless, the rare Bechstein’s bat, as well as the pine marten and various fungi, are expected to be among species that benefit from the multiyear project, to which central government has so far committed £7.5m.

Like England’s only existing national forest, in the Midlands, this one will be broken up across a wide area, featuring grassland, farmland, towns and villages as well as densely planted, closed-canopy woodland. John Everitt, who heads the National Forest organisation (which is both a charity and a government arm’s length body), describes this type of landscape as “forest in the medieval sense with a mosaic of habitats”.

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Riot of native wildflowers that enthralled visitors in the past several years have failed to sprout due to too little rain

It’s one of the best known rites of spring in California: extraordinary displays known as “superblooms” that coat the hillsides in an abundance of color. Some years the blooms are massive enough to draw tourists from around the world to revel in the fields, such as in 2023 when more than 100,000 people showed up on a weekend to gawk at the poppies in Lake Elsinore, a small city about an hour outside Los Angeles.

But this year, not so much. Thanks to a brutally dry winter, the hills around the usual southern California superbloom hotspots have been conspicuously bare. Callista Turner, a state park ranger, could count the number of blooms on two hands as she surveyed the 8 miles (13km) of rolling hills at the Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve in the final week of March, which is typically when superbloom season peaks. “We’re still waiting to see what kind of season we have,” she says. “It’s a very slow start.”

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The last two big storms to hit Mexico have left the city vulnerable to organised crime and in fear of the next climate shock

Flora Montejo always dreamed of buying her own home. After almost three decades working as a nurse, the 68-year-old invested her retirement savings in a two-storey house in San Agustín, a working-class suburb of the Mexican resort town of Acapulco.

Montejo’s retirement dream was shortlived. Not long after moving into her newly remodelled home, Hurricane John dumped record levels of rainfall on Acapulco, triggering landslides and flash floods after calm creeks turned into roaring rivers.

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