Measuring Brain Size versus Body Size

Thinking about Brain Size... *These ratios are according to relative brain weights from adult individuals (Kuhlenbeck, 735)

	Species	E/S Ratio*
	Small Birds	1/12
	Human	1/40
	Mouse	1/40
	Cat	1/100
	Dog	1/125
	Frog	1/172
	Lion	1/550
	Elephant	1/560
	Horse	1/600
	Shark	1/2496
	Hippopotamus	1/2789

A first most obvious manner of comparison would be the ratio of brain weight to body weight. Using Cuvier's fraction E/S (where E = brain weight and S = body weight), we find the following ratios:

Notice that the human and mouse ratios are roughly identical and the lion and elephant ratios are also roughly identical. In addition, the ratio of E/S in small birds is much larger than in humans. Does this mean birds are more intelligent or less intelligent than humans?

However, a complexity in this method is that, in general, brain weight in vertebrates does not appear to increase linearly with body weight, such that heavy vertebrates have proportionally smaller brains than light vertebrates, and many small mammals have, in terms of these simple ratios, relatively larger brains than those of humans.

 

 

(image thanks to www.neurophys.wisc.edu)

 

The figure to the left tells us about the brain/body relations of several familiar animals. Essentially, we see that brain size increases with body size in a specific exponential rate.

This may lead us to question -- if the increase in brain weight that accompanies increases in body weight does not necessarily increase intelligence, what then is the function of the 'extra' brain matter?

In order to remedy inconsistencies in the simple ratio method, let us try "allometry". The following equation was developed in the late 19th century by Snell: E=CS^r, where E is the weight of the brain, S is the body weight, C is a constant "cephalization factor", and r is an epirically determined exponential constant. Kuhlenbeck suggests this value to be around 0.56 for mammals. Macphail asserts that this exponent would be approximately 0.66 for most mammals.

Once an acceptable value of r is determined, then we see that brain weight is determined by two other factors, S, the body weight and C, the cephalization factor. This equation, then, gives us a way of establishing the relative capacity of brains of different species with different body weights. When we enter values for the weights of brains and bodies of two species, then a value of C can be determined for each species. We can then find the encephalization quotient (EQ), which is the ratio of C over the average mammalian value. For example, if a certain species has an EQ of 2.0, this means that the species has a value of C twice as high as that expected in a mammal of comparable weight with average encephalization. Or if a species has an EQ of 0.5, then this species has a level of encephalization half that of an "average" mammal. Let us look at the following table of encephalization quotients (using Macphail's 0.66 as the constant r value):

(Macphail, 243)

Species	EQ
Human	7.44
Dolphin	5.31
Chimpanzee	2.49
Rhesus Monkey	2.09
Elephant	1.87
Whale	1.76
Dog	1.17
Cat	1.00
Horse	0.86
Sheep	0.81
Mouse	0.50
Rat	0.40
Rabbit	0.40

 

Does this information agree with your intuitions regarding relative intelligence of mammals? We see that man is at the top, with dolphins a close second, and on down. Dolphins have a high reputation for intelligence, but do we also assume that dogs are more intelligent than cats? How do we determine if a mouse is more intelligent than a rat? These data seems to indicate that higher primates are generally more "encephalized" than lower primates relative to mammals as a whole and that smaller mammals and rodents are below average.

None of these data necessarily has a definitive link with intelligence. Only behavioral data could show the significance of levels of encephalization of a species. Let's look at other methods for comparing species' brains before we make any final conclusions as to the relevance of this information.

Click on one of the methods below to learn about it:

• looking at the absolute magnitude of the brain
• measuring cortical folding
• measuring neocortex
• measuring volume of gray matter versus volume of nerve cells
• looking at specific brain structures